The Three Rs: The Way Forward

Authors

Michael Balls, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative MethodsFollow
Alan M. Goldberg, Johns Hopkins University
Julia H. Fentem, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods
Caren L. Broadhead, Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)
Rex L. Burch
Michael F.W. Festing, University of Leicester
John M. Frazier, ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc.
Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, National Institute for Health and Environment (RIVM)
Margaret Jennings, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Margot D.O. van der Kamp, Netherlands Centre Alternatives to Animal Use
David B. Morton, University of Birmingham
Andrew N. Rowan, Tufts Center for Animals and Public PolicyFollow
Claire Russell, University of Reading
William M.S. Russell, University of Reading
Horst Spielmann, German Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal ExperimentsFollow
Martin Stephens, The Humane Society of the United StatesFollow
William S. Stokes, National Institutes of Health
Donald W. Straughan, Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)
James D. Yager, Johns Hopkins University
Joanne Zurlo, Johns Hopkins University
Bert F.M. van Zutphen, Utrecht University

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1995

Abstract

This is the report of the eleventh of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), which was established in 1991 by the European Commission. ECVAM's main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation. and the potential for the possible incorporation of replacement alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward.

Recommended Citation

Balls, M., Goldberg, A. M., Fentem, J. H., Broadhead, C. L., Burch, R. L., Festing, M. F., ... & Van Zutphen, B. F. (1995). The three Rs: the way forward: the report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 11. Alternatives to laboratory animals: ATLA, 23(6), 838.